Traditional swivel sections of pressed casters are composed of several pieces: a top plate, a kingpin, a lower (thrust) race, a lower (thrust) bearing, an upper (load) race, and an upper (load) bearing. The kingpin, which is generally a bolt or rivet, holds the other five components together allowing the caster to swivel. The swivel action is centred about the kingpin. Wheel arms are attached to the bottom side of the upper race, the lower race and bearing serve as a strengthening element, necessary to keep a heavier duty caster together. The illustration to the right depicts the basic construction of a traditional swivel section.

 

This construction technique, albeit tried and true, is not without its share of problems. Those problems generally stem from the kingpin. As stated before, the kingpin keeps the swivel section together and attaches it to the top plate. Therefore, with it being the joining element, the force the caster absorbs will be transmitted through the kingpin. With that in mind, the abuse will be focused on the kingpin and it will become strained and stressed over time.

 

One must understand that, there are two situations where a rapid failure of a traditional swivel caster occurs. First and foremost is towing. Unless specifically designed for towing with heavy-duty bearings in the swivel section, most traditional swivel casters will fail when being towed. This predominately occurs because of high-speed cornering. High speed is, of course, a relative term. Casters are generally rated for loads at a walking speed, about 3-4 km/hr per. So, being towed at 8-10 km/hr and taking a turn reduces the load bearing capacity significantly. The reason for this is a deformation of the swivel section. There are two component forces acting on the swivel section during a turn. Momentum keeps the cart going in the initial direction and the new force; that of the tugger turning, combine to create a composite force that tilts the wheel in the rig. This force can cause the kingpin to shear and the caster to fail catastrophically.

 

Secondly, traditional swivel casters fail because of shock loading or rough terrain. Realistically, dropping a load on a cart or taking it across a rough surface, they are identical to the caster. As the caster is impacted, either from the floor or from the dropping of a load, the kingpin takes the abuse. When the load increases the force is transmitted through the caster, however, as the impact occurs the wheel and the legs resist the force and it is isolated in the kingpin. Over time the kingpin after many impacts will deform, either in length or circumference. When this deformation occurs to a great enough extent the swivel section will seize because the ball bearings will become captured between the race and the plate. Or, in more extreme cases, the swivel section will separate enough to allow the ball bearings to escape.